The History of Temple Ohabei Shalom, Boston (1893)
I found this book in our family records. It's "The History of Temple Ohabei Shalom, Boston" by S. Simmons, published in 1893 to commemorate the congregation's 50th anniversary. Temple Ohabei Shalom is the oldest synagogue in Massachusetts, founded in 1843.
My ancestor, Isaac Rosnosky, served as President of the congregation and is mentioned throughout the book. I'm sharing this in case it helps others researching their family history.
Full Transcription
Title Page
THE HISTORY OF TEMPLE OHABEI SHALOM, BOSTON.
Principal Events from its Organization in 1843, to the Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration, on February 26th, 1893.
By S. Simmons, Secretary of the Congregation from 1872 to 1888.
Board of Officers (1893)
ISAAC ROSNOSKY, President NATHAN WAXMAN, Vice-President LOUIS GANS, Treasurer JULIUS ROSENTHAL, Secretary
Rev. Dr. RAPHAEL LASKER, Rabbi Rev. ISRAEL CHALLOFF, Cantor SOLOMON M. CARO, Messenger
Board of Trustees: Adolph Aronson Jr., Nathan B. Basch, Charles Green, Simon Barnard, Henry M. Hyams, Albert Weiss, Israel Cohen*, Julius Levengston* (*Life Members)
School Board
Simon Barnard (Chairman), Nathan Waxman, Louis Leyser, Henry M. Hyams, Levy Herman, Albert Sanger, Abraham Troeder
The History
WITH joy, devotion and patriotism, a happy people of a prosperous country have recently been celebrating the fourth centennial anniversary of the discovery of this great and glorious continent. It is four hundred years since Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain gave to Christopher Columbus a reluctant consent to proceed on his voyage of discovery. History informs us, that this consent was given not with a view of enriching science, but with the hopes of replenishing their exhausted treasury with the wealth they expected he would obtain in the newly discovered lands. Had they known that Columbus would discover a country, wherein the race they persecuted and despised would find protection and an asylum, it is doubtful whether their cupidity would have so far exceeded their hatred as to grant permission to this renowned navigator to pursue his expedition. We, as faithful patriots of our adopted country, have also rejoiced with our fellow-citizens, and rendered special thanks to the Loving Father of All, that the bigotry and avarice of crowned tyrants has been the means of opening to us a country where equality and justice rules supreme; where creed and race are obliterated in the exercise of civil and political rights; and where every person is permitted to follow his own religious belief and enjoy the fruits of his labor unmolested.
Before the revolution, Jews were very reluctant to settle in this Commonwealth; fearing, perhaps, that the Puritanical zealots of the times would find it more profitable in persecuting wealthy heretical Jews than poor Quakers, Baptists or witches. But when the people of the country declared in a voice, loud enough to be heard from one end of the land to the other, and powerful enough to rock the throne of England, "That all men are born free and equal," and sealed that declaration with their life's blood; then Jews came here to settle—slowly at first, but afterwards in larger numbers—so that fifty years ago we find nine or ten families of them residing in Boston. These families at that time formed a congregation by the name of Ohabei Shalom (Lovers of Peace), for the purpose of worshipping God and performing their religious rites according to their belief and custom; and we, their descendants and successors, are now celebrating the jubilee of the organization of that congregation.
In the month of September, 1842, the Jewish residents in Boston, consisting of William Goldsmith, Moses Ehrlich, Peter Spitz, Himan Spitz, Bernard Fox, Charles Hyneman, Jacob Norton, Isaac Wolf and Abraham F. Bloch, were invited by Peter Spitz to celebrate the New Year's Festival in the manner customary to their religion at his house on Fort Hill. This invitation was cheerfully accepted. Therefore, at the Jewish New Year's Festival in 1842, was celebrated the first Hebrew congregational divine service in Boston. On the twenty-fourth day of May, 1843, the Jewish residents in Boston were again invited by Mr. Spitz to rejoice with him on the day of circumcision of his first born son, and while enjoying the hospitalities of their host they resolved to form a congregation, which was soon after carried into effect, by electing Moses Ehrlich, president, and Mr. Saling, a former Cantor in a congregation at Albany, to conduct divine services. They named the congregation "Ohabei Shalom," and for a time the members worshipped in a room at the house of Mr. Saling, on Carver street. Addition to membership was gradually made by the arrival of new settlers, and in two years the number was nearly doubled. They then removed their place of worship to a house on Albany street, near Kneeland street. Whenever a death occurred among them, the burial took place either in New York, Albany or Newport. This inconvenience and expense prompted them to procure a piece of land nearer to their homes and more convenient for their burials. Hence, on the twenty-ninth day of April, 1844, they applied to the City of Boston to sell to them a portion of the burial ground which the city owned in East Boston. This application was refused. On the twenty-fifth day of July of that year (1844), they purchased of the East Boston Land Company ten thousand square feet of land in the fourth section of the island, paying therefor the sum of two hundred dollars, for which a special assessment of five dollars was levied upon every member of the congregation. On the fifth day of October of that year, they again petitioned the Board of Aldermen for leave to use the lot for a cemetery. This was granted; and thus the first Jewish burial ground was established in Boston.
In 1845, the congregation deemed it advisable to be formed on a permanent basis, and applied to the Legislature for a Charter of Incorporation, which was granted to them; and it thereby became a recognized institution under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, enjoying all the rights and privileges, and being subjected and restricted to the conditions belonging thereto.
In 1851, the congregation felt numerically strong enough to maintain a proper building in which to worship. For a time they despaired of accomplishing this object. Mr. Alexander S. Saroni, one of the members, generously volunteered to advance a sum sufficient to purchase land for a building. The congregation accepted the offer, and on the twenty-ninth day of June, 1851, purchased a plot of land on Warren, now called Warrenton street, for the sum of $3417.23. A frame building was erected upon it, partly from funds obtained by voluntary donations from members and partly by a loan. This building, though neither grand in construction nor elegant in design, was, nevertheless, better adapted for their modest wants as a Synagogue than the room in a densely populated tenement house, which they had previously occupied.
Congregational matters, for several years, progressed in a satisfactory manner. The Jewish community increased yearly; most everyone became a member of this, the only Synagogue in Boston. As the membership increased, differences of opinion arose regarding the mode of conducting certain ritualistic exercises. These exercises, though in themselves insignificant, created considerable dissension. Those members born in one part of Europe insisted that these exercises be observed as in their country, while members from other parts of Europe, likewise insisted that they be observed in the manner customary to them. The result was a division in the congregation. Those members who had come from the southern parts of Germany formed a separate congregation, by the name of "Adath Israel," and those from the northern parts of Germany and Poland retained their membership in the congregation originally organized.
The withdrawal of a number of members must have had an embarrassing effect on the financial condition of the congregation. This effect could, however, not have been of long duration; for in the year of 1862, the membership had increased so much that the modest wooden structure was too small to accommodate all the attending worshippers. A committee appointed for the purpose ascertained that the Fifth Universalist Society, whose place of worship was on Warrenton street, nearly opposite the Synagogue, were desirous of selling their church building. This place, being in all respects suitable for the requirements of the congregation, was purchased on the fifth day of February, 1863, with all of its contents, for fifteen thousand and five hundred dollars, which, after a thorough remodelling, was consecrated with due form and ceremony, and opened for worship at the New Year's festival of that year.
The custom of giving to Jewish children a liberal education and a thorough knowledge of the Jewish religion, was not neglected by this congregation. Membership having increased, the congregation established a school, which for a time gave a general education as well as religious instructions. The members soon realized the superiority of the education given in the city public schools, lost no time in limiting their instructions to religious subjects only. For many years a special charge was made to each member for supporting the school, according to the number of his children who attended. In 1869, the congregation abolished these charges, and every member is now permitted to send his children to this school free of expense. About 150 children of both sexes attend this school, and competent teachers are engaged to give to these children, several hours each week, instruction in Hebrew, Jewish History and Religion. It is true that we have yet to find among the graduates from this school the man or woman who has attained prominence in literature; yet the religious knowledge they obtained there, and the moral principles inculcated in them, let us hope, are the means of their leading pure lives and in practising the doctrine of "doing unto others as they would have others do unto them," in all their transactions of life.
The reform movement, which for twenty years had been taking deep root in certain parts of Germany and in this country, reached this congregation in 1871. Many of the members favored the adoption of some of the modern styles of service, while others opposed the introduction of the then called radical doctrines. A special meeting was called for the purpose of considering the matter, and at this meeting it was voted, after considerable debate, to limit the extent of the reformation, to a curtailment of the lengthy prayers recited on the Sabbath and holy days, to the establishing of a choir, and to a strict observance of order and decorum.
In 1875, many congregations abolished the ancient seating arrangement in their Temples, which separated the sexes to different parts of the building, and erected pews for seating together all the members of a family. This new arrangement met with such satisfaction that Mr. Israel Cohen, who was at that time elected president, proposed the introduction of the same in this congregation. This proposition was received with satisfaction by a large number of liberal-minded members, but was strongly opposed by members of more conservative ideas. Many meetings were held and the question fully discussed. Finally, the liberal party prevailed on a majority vote, and they immediately proceeded to carry these alterations into effect. The conservative party, believing conscientiously that the innovations were contrary to the traditional laws of our religion, appealed to the courts of the Commonwealth for redress, and prayed that the court should restrain the others from carrying out this, by them regarded as a sacreligious act. The case being without a precedent, inasmuch as the court had never been called upon to decide any question relating to Synagogical laws or customs, the court decided that the respondents might proceed with the alterations, upon giving bonds that they would restore the seating arrangement to the former position, whenever the appellants would produce satisfactory authorities that the acts of their opponents were contrary to Jewish laws. The decision of the court was complied with by the respondents, and the pews were built.
Before building the pews, the congregation numbered one hundred and thirty-eight members and fifty seatholders. Seatholders paid the same amount of dues as members, but they had not the right to vote on any congregational matters. After the pews were built, thirty members, and nearly all the seatholders, withdrew from the congregation.
The loss of their support left the congregation with an income far from sufficient for its requirements, and with an empty treasury from which to pay matured notes amounting to five thousand dollars, bearing interest at twelve per cent per annum. Many efforts were made to raise funds by giving balls, entertainments and parties, with some success; yet the sums realized from them were inadequate to pay the expenses of the congregation. Loans were renewed at a higher rate of interest to pay off matured notes, and well-to-do members paid sums of money in advance of their dues to stave off pressing accounts, and for more than two years the congregation had to struggle under most trying difficulties.
At a special meeting held on October 14th, 1877, the president proposed to the members the project of holding a fair, for the financial benefit of the congregation. The proposition was unanimously adopted, and the meeting authorized the president and the Board of Trustees to appoint committees, and to use such means as shall be necessary to carry this enterprise into effect.
On February 4th, 1878, the committee reported to the congregation that they had resolved to invite the wives and daughters of members to attend a meeting on October 25th, for the purpose of inducing them to take an interest in the proposed fair. On the appointed day, the vestry of the Warrenton street Synagogue was filled to its utmost capacity with eager hearts, filled with enthusiasm, to assist the cause; and afterwards the ladies held many meetings to determine the best mode of action. To them was intrusted the work of soliciting articles for the fair, as well as to dispose of them. How they toiled and labored from day to day, seeking everyone who was willing to assist the Synagogue; with what untiring and indefatigable zeal they entered into the work, will not soon be forgotten. To them, and only them, is due the honor of having netted seventy-five hundred dollars for the congregation. God bless our noble Jewish women; upon them may Heaven's brightest rays ever shine. In describing the Fair, the committee said: On Monday morning, December 17th, the Fair opened under brilliant auspices; the work of the lady superintendents at the tables were most marvellous! The artistic decorations of the hall grand! A glance of the scene was like a dream of fairy-land, of which no description could present the picture. On the evening of December 17th, the Fair was formally opened; the attendance was tremendous, and Horticultural Hall was crowded with thousands of happy faces. The Fair was opened by the Mayor, Frederick O. Prince, who delivered a fine oration on the condition of the Israelites, their progress and their good citizenship in the United States, the land of civil and religious liberty. Benediction was pronounced by the rabbi, Dr. Lasker, and remarks were made by Mr. Israel Cohen, president of the congregation, and Mr. George J. Spitz, chairman of the committee. And, in conclusion, the committee reported: The financial report proves how ably the management conducted the arrangements; with what fidelity and zeal every member of the congregation, their families and friends used their best efforts to conduce to its success; and how the Christian as well as the Jewish community vied with each other, forgetting the differences of sects, if any existed, to promote and aid an enterprise that shall more firmly establish beyond peradventure, a Temple erected to God, and dedicated to His Holy Name, and through whose people all families of the earth shall be blessed.
The seventy-five hundred dollars net proceeds of the Fair enabled the congregation to pay off outstanding liabilities, to place the Synagogue building in thorough repair, and to restore the finances to their former normal condition.
A desire to be buried near ancestors and friends is a prominent characteristic trait of our race. The wanderer who has been estranged for many years from kindred and faith — the child who mourns the loss of parents — the spouse who is deprived of life's partner — the lodge brother — the fellow-church member — the business associate — the companion in youth — and the staunch friend in mature age, will, when time draws nigh to embark on the voyage to realms of immortality, express an earnest yearning to be buried near those who, during life's pilgrimage, were near and dear to them. Soon after organization, this congregation, deeming it an imperative duty, purchased ten thousand feet of land at East Boston, to be used for a burial ground. For twenty-four years this plot of land was sufficient for all the burials that occurred among the members of the congregation. The increase of Jewish population made it necessary for the congregation to enlarge the size of its cemetery. In 1868, there was added a second section of land, containing ten thousand feet. In 1875, the congregation found that their cemetery, even with this addition, was far inadequate for the requirements of its members and their friends, and it purchased four more sections, each containing ten thousand feet. In 1889, the congregation was compelled to purchase the two remaining sections which adjoined the grounds, that they might not become closely surrounded by dwelling houses, thereby increasing its cemetery to ten sections, which contained in the whole one hundred thousand square feet of land. For many years the arrangements for locating the graves, made by the different sextons who had charge of the grounds, were very unsatisfactory. In 1878, section number two was laid out in rows of graves and family lots, and five years later the four following sections were similarly laid out. The ground was properly fenced in, concrete drives and paths laid down, and a commodious building erected, the lower part of which is consecrated for a mortuary chapel, and the upper part is occupied as a dwelling by the superintendent of the grounds and his family. The cemetery is situated on the brow of a hill and commands an extensive view of Boston Harbor; and with its flower-bordered paths, quaint entrance gate and building, with its white marble monuments and grave stones, inscribed partly in Hebrew and partly in English, forms a beautiful feature to one of the many magnificent landscapes which may be seen in the vicinity of Boston. It is a place of resort for the people who live near by, and an interesting spot for strangers visiting this city. It is venerated as a hallowed place by those who have relatives and friends buried there. They frequently visit the spot, and by reading the inscriptions on the memorial tablets, are aided in recalling to the mind's memory the bright smiles, loving looks and kind words, which, in times gone by, were given and uttered by those who now repose in eternity.
The gratifying results which followed the many improvements that the congregation so successfully and satisfactorily made, was a large increase to the roll of membership. The Board of Trustees found it difficult to seat them all in the Synagogue building. At the annual meeting in April, 1884, the president informed the members that the congregation would soon have to consider the question, "whether more members can in justice be accepted when seating accommodation could not be provided for them in the building." After consideration of the problem, a committee was appointed to procure a new building and to sell the old one.
For three years the efforts of the committee were unsuccessful, but in May, 1887, they reported that the church on Union Park Street could be bought for fifty-seven thousand and five hundred dollars, and that they had received an offer of twenty-seven thousand and five hundred dollars for the old building. The question of purchasing the church was considered, and although the congregation at the time was owing fourteen thousand dollars on a mortgage on its building, and possessed a cash capital of only nine hundred and five dollars, the president, Mr. Isaac Rosnosky, advised the members to assume the responsibility of purchasing the new building. The advice of the president was received with enthusiasm, and the members supported the proposition with a united and hearty will. In a short time all financial difficulties were overcome. The sum of thirteen thousand dollars was added to the funds from voluntary donations, of which over eleven thousand dollars was subscribed by the members, and the balance by their friends and the friends of the congregation. The old building was sold, and the new one purchased and thoroughly renovated. After being duly dedicated, it was opened on September 5th, 1887, as a Temple of worship of this congregation. At the following general meeting, the President, in his annual address to the members, made the following remarks: "In viewing the unanimous feelings evinced, the harmonious meetings held, the unselfish sacrifices made, and the prompt support rendered by you to our worthy cause, I cannot but feel proud of having been at the head of the administration of affairs of your congregation during the past year; for we have gratified a long cherished desire, and successfully terminated an undertaking which must be a source of satisfaction to all of you, not from the funds of an overflowing treasury or other hoards of wealth, but solely by the united efforts of members of our congregation, and such of their friends as they were enabled to induce to co-operate with them; thereby placing in our possession a most beautiful building — a temple for use of our public worship. We must, therefore, all feel thankful to our Heavenly Father for permitting us to accomplish our serious undertaking, for the glorification of His name and the exaltation of our ancient faith, in the sight of our fellow-citizens, in this grand and most enlightened city of the country."
In common with well regulated churches of every religious denomination, this congregation has always endeavored to place learned and pious men at the head of their religious affairs. It has been customary to engage a rabbi and a cantor. The rabbi to preach, to lecture and exhort his members to the performance of their religious duties, to expound to them the wise teachings of our sages and to impart to them our remarkable history and literature. The cantor to superintend the duties of the choir, to take a leading part in conducting divine service, and in reciting the prayers and hymns of our liturgy in a melodious and acceptable manner. It is also expected that the piety, morality and integrity of these men shall be a guide and an example to the members, and to the rising generation of their flock. They shall admonish the erring, encourage the repentant, cheer the oppressed, sympathize with the afflicted, advise the perplexed, visit the sick, soothe the last hour of the dying and condole the mourning.
The following gentlemen accepted calls from this congregation to officiate in the performance of these spiritual and philanthropic duties: Rev. Drs. Axe, Jacobs, Nathan, Guinsberg, Vidaver and Lasker as rabbis; and Revs. Saling, Wormser, Strauss, Buttenweiser, Wolf, Linder, Noote, Weinstein, Grodjinski, Ritterman, Rosenzweig and Challoff as cantors. They all were men of the highest culture and learning, and doubtless performed the duties of their high office to the best of their belief and understanding.
At the annual meeting of this congregation, the members elect a president and a Board of Trustees or Directors to administer its affairs. The president is charged with the duty of superintending the spiritual as well as the secular affairs of the congregation. The following gentlemen had the honor of being elected and served in the office of president: Moses Ehrlich, William Goldsmith, Alexander S. Saroni, Abraham Prince, Henry Spear, Bernard Nelson, Simon Sternberg, Nathan Morris, Abraham K. Lissberger, Samuel Myers, Simon Reinstein, Julius Levengston, Israel Cohen and Isaac Rosnosky.
In the selection of men to fill this honorable and responsible office, the congregation has been exceptionally successful in electing those who, with intelligence, tact and courtesy, were enabled to discharge their duties in a dignified, becoming and satisfactory manner. They all were men of sterling integrity, and fully alive to the requirements of the times and the wishes of the members. To make special mention of particular acts of some of them, by which the congregation derived substantial and special benefits, would be injustice to the others, who, while in office, lacked similar opportunities. They were ably assisted in their labors and deliberations by the members of the Board of Trustees or Directors, who performed their duties, not with a view of self-aggrandisement, but with the sole purpose of fostering and elevating the institutions which were committed to their charge by the congregation, and to that end and purpose they have cheerfully sacrificed on the altar of their faith, their time, talent, energy and wealth. They enjoyed the confidence of the congregation, and in return they honored the office to which they were elected.
The present membership of this congregation numbers two hundred and fifty families, or about twelve hundred worshippers. These contribute twelve thousand dollars to maintain the congregation, wherewith it is enabled to meet all financial obligations, pay liberal salaries to its officials and employes, and occasionally, when called upon, to respond to causes of charity.
Fifty years have thus passed since this congregation was organized. Nearly all of its original founders have since joined a much larger congregation, in another, and, let us hope, a better world; but the seed which they sewed while here has taken deep root, and brought forth a vigorous plant, bearing fruit of kindness and good will towards all mankind. It is a blessing to its adherents, and is striving with all its might to be a useful and beneficient institution to the City of Boston and an honor to this God-blessed country.
Officers at Key Dedications
First Synagogue (1851): Moses Ehrlich, President; B. Heineman, Vice-Pres. and Treas.; Trustees: William Goldsmith, Alexander S. Saroni, Julius Bornstein
Second Synagogue (1863): Simon Sternberg, President; Barnard Nelson, Vice-Pres. and Treas.; Trustees: Jacob Norton, Simon Reinstein, Henry Spear, Salehein, Kingsbury
Third Synagogue (1887): Isaac Rosnosky, President; Israel Cohen, Vice-Pres.; Charles Green, Treas.; Trustees: Julius Levengston, Adolph Aronson Jr., Nathan B. Basch, Israel A. Rich, Marcus Myers, Simon Vorenberg, Louis Gans
Roll of Members (1893)
Anthony, Henry; Asher, Solomon; Asher, Morris; Adams, Mrs. Isaac; Alexander, A.; Aronson, Abraham; Aronson, Adolph; Aronson, Joseph; Abrahams, Louis; Abrahams, Abraham; Abrams, Charles; Basch, Nathan B.; Basch, Isidore; Barry, Simon; Bennett, N.; Barry, Raphael; Bernstein, Nathan; Bornstein, Jacob L.; Bornstein, Myer I.; Bornstein, Alexander; Barnard, Louis; Barnard, Simon; Blumenthal, Max; Bergman, Joseph; Banash, David; Berwin, Jacob; Bilafsky, Abraham; Bamber, A.; Cohen, Israel; Cohen, Simon K.; Cohen, Raphael; Cohen, Louis; Cohen, Henry; Collin, Herman; Caro, Solomon M.; Caro, Joseph; Cobe, Mark H.; Crine, Henry; Crohn, Moses; Clark, Elias; Celler, Gustav; Daniels, Isaac; Daniels, Abraham G.; Daniels, Louis J.; Daniels, Samuel; Dean, Morris; Davis, Benjamin F.; Dinner, Isaac H.; Danziger, Charles; Ehrlich, Samuel; Ehrlich, Solomon; Evans, Louis; Ehrenfried, George; Frank, Max; Freiman, Naphtali; Freedman, D. H.; Fishel, Myer; Fishel, Jacob; Fishel, Mrs. Louis; Fishel, Herman; Frankenstein, I.; Fuchs, Barnard; Fox, William; Frank, Louis; Green, Charles; Gunsenheiser, A.; Gunsenheiser, H.; Goulston, Abraham; Gans, Louis; Goulston, Henry; Greenhood, M.; Ginsberg, Barnard; Harris, David; Harris, Abraham; Harris, George A.; Harris, William; Harris, George S.; Hyams, Henry M.; Herman, Levy; Hirsh, Max; Hirsh, F.; Hirshson, Z.; Hollander, Myer; Heiderman, Mrs. N.; Hano, Louis; Isaacs, Gustav; Isaacson, S. A.; Isaacson, David; Jackson, Mark; Joski, Henry; Joseph, Mrs. Sarah; Jacobs, Pincus; Kuhns, Jacob S.; Kaliski, Louis; Kaliski, Mrs. H.; King, I. L.; Klein, Ignatz; Kaufman, Hyman; Levy, Abraham; Levy, Abraham 2d; Levy, Mrs. Samuel; Levy, David; Levy, Mark H.; Levy, Mrs. Bernard; Levy, Mrs. B.; Levy, Mrs. Isaac; Levy, Henry S.; Levy, Abraham H.; Levy, Benjamin; Levy, Marcus; Levy, Wolf; Levy, George; Levy, Anatole; Lewenberg, Joseph; Littauer, Julius; Levengston, Julius; Leyser, Louis; Lissner, Ephraim; Lewis, Jacob; Louis, Morris; Levit, Morris; Lampie, Abraham; Lyons L. J.; Levin, Jacob; Mork, A. P.; Mode, Joseph; Marzinski, Mrs. P.; Massa, Mrs. Marcus; Massa, M.; Mannes, Herman; Moses, Louis; Marks, Davis; Morgenstern, Mrs. E.; Myerson, M.; Myers, David; Myers, Abraham; Myers, Isaac; Myers, Sol.; Myer, Samuel; Mintz, Mark; Miller, Samuel P.; Miller, William; Mosessohn, M.; Newman, Jacob; Newman, L.; Negrini, Mrs. A.; Nathan, Emanuel; Nathan, John; Nelson, Barnard; Nelson, Herman M.; Nelson, Henry; Nelson, Joseph; Nurenberg, E.; Nurenberg, D.; Prager, Philip; Phillips, Gustav; Perle, Moses; Peyser, Joseph; Peyser, Harris; Pinkson, Moses; Pakulsky, J.; Ratshesky, Mrs. A.; Rosenbaum, Henry; Rosenbaum, L.; Reinstein, Oscar; Rosenthal, Julius; Rothenberg, Israel J.; Rothenberg, Mendel; Rosenfield, Myer; Rosenberg, Samuel; Rosenberg, Jacob; Rosnosky, Henry; Rosnosky, Isaac; Rosnosky, Raphael; Rich, Israel A.; Rich, Daniel S.; Raphael, Morris; Raphael, Phillip; Raphael, Aaron; Rothschild, J.; Spitz, Julius; Spitz, Abraham P.; Spitz, George J.; Spitz, Augustus P.; Spitz, Samuel; Spitz, John H.; Sanson, Moses; Sanger, Albert; Spring, Julius; Sheinfield, Mrs. H.; Strauss, Mrs. S.; Sheinwald, Louis; Strecker, Louis; Strecker, Morris; Simmons, Simon; Simonds, Isidore; Simon, Nathan; Simon, Isaac; Simon, Joseph; Simon, Mark M.; Seamon, Israel; Sterne, Mrs. Louis; Stern, Joseph; Stack, Samuel; Stack, Isaac; Stone, Mark; Stein, S.; Sneider, L.; Slater, Aaron; Shendel, Moritz; Schreiber, David; Slutzki, Aaron; Schellenberg B.; Tigner, Mark; Tishler, Marcus; Tishler, Abraham; Troeder, Abraham; Vorenberg, Simon; Van Noorden, E.; Van Buren, J.; Waxman, Nathan; Wolfson, Abraham; Wolfson, Joseph; Wolffsohn Isidor; Weinberg, S. J.; Wachtel, Philip; Willner, Mrs. S.; Wolf, Mrs. Jacob; Wingersky, Samuel; Wingersky, Solomon; Wingersky, Harris; Wingersky, L.; White, Samuel; White, Mrs. S.; Weber, Herman; Weber, Eugene; Wyzanski, Henry; Wyzanski, Samuel; Wyzanski, L. J.; Wyzanski, Morris; Weiscopf, Charles; Weiss, Max; Weiss, A.; Wax, N. S.; Weisenbach, Abraham; Witkowsky, Ignatz